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在ubuntu 20.04上配置mysql用戶認(rèn)證策略的核心在于理解并正確使用mysql 8.0的默認(rèn)認(rèn)證插件caching_sha2_password，同時(shí)兼顧安全性與兼容性；1. 創(chuàng)建新用戶時(shí)可指定認(rèn)證方式，如使用更安全的caching_sha2_password或兼容性更強(qiáng)的mysql_native_password；2. 授予用戶相應(yīng)權(quán)限，包括全局、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)級(jí)或表級(jí)權(quán)限，以實(shí)現(xiàn)精細(xì)化訪問(wèn)控制；3. 執(zhí)行flush privileges確保權(quán)限更改立即生效；4. 若遇到兼容性問(wèn)題，推薦升級(jí)客戶端驅(qū)動(dòng)，或?yàn)樘囟ㄓ脩襞渲门f認(rèn)證方式，而不建議修改服務(wù)器默認(rèn)插件；5. 可通過(guò)查詢mysql.user表和show grants命令查看用戶的認(rèn)證方式和具體權(quán)限。
在Ubuntu 20.04上配置MySQL用戶認(rèn)證策略，核心在于理解MySQL 8.0默認(rèn)的認(rèn)證插件caching_sha2_password，以及如何創(chuàng)建用戶、授予權(quán)限并管理這些認(rèn)證方式。這不僅僅是執(zhí)行幾條SQL命令那么簡(jiǎn)單，它關(guān)乎到應(yīng)用程序的兼容性、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的安全性，以及日常運(yùn)維的便利性。
解決方案
配置MySQL用戶認(rèn)證策略，通常從創(chuàng)建新用戶并賦予其適當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)限開(kāi)始。
首先，你需要以root用戶或具有足夠權(quán)限的用戶身份登錄MySQL：
sudo mysql -u root -p
輸入你的root密碼。
1. 創(chuàng)建新用戶并指定認(rèn)證方式
創(chuàng)建用戶時(shí)，你可以明確指定其認(rèn)證插件。這是處理兼容性問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵一步。
如果你希望新用戶使用MySQL 8.0的默認(rèn)推薦認(rèn)證方式（更安全）：
CREATE USER 'your_username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH caching_sha2_password BY 'your_strong_password'; -- 或者，如果你想允許從任何主機(jī)連接（不推薦用于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，但測(cè)試常用）： -- CREATE USER 'your_username'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH caching_sha2_password BY 'your_strong_password';
如果你遇到老舊客戶端或應(yīng)用程序連接問(wèn)題，可能需要讓用戶使用兼容性更廣的舊認(rèn)證方式：
CREATE USER 'your_legacy_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'your_strong_password';
2. 授予用戶權(quán)限
創(chuàng)建用戶后，需要賦予他們操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的權(quán)限。權(quán)限管理是粒度非常細(xì)致的工作，你可以根據(jù)實(shí)際需求來(lái)定義。
授予所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的所有權(quán)限（通常只給特定管理用戶）：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'your_username'@'localhost';
授予特定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的所有權(quán)限：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database_name.* TO 'your_username'@'localhost';
授予特定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的特定權(quán)限（例如，只讀）：
GRANT SELECT ON your_database_name.* TO 'your_username'@'localhost';
授予特定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中特定表的權(quán)限：
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON your_database_name.your_table_name TO 'your_username'@'localhost';
3. 刷新權(quán)限
在MySQL 8.0中，大多數(shù)權(quán)限更改會(huì)立即生效，但為了確保所有更改都被服務(wù)器加載，執(zhí)行一次刷新權(quán)限的操作是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣，尤其是在舊版本或某些特定場(chǎng)景下：
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
4. 退出MySQL
EXIT;
MySQL 8.0默認(rèn)認(rèn)證插件caching_sha2_password是什么，如何處理兼容性問(wèn)題？
caching_sha2_password是MySQL 8.0引入并設(shè)置為默認(rèn)的認(rèn)證插件。它使用SHA-256哈希算法進(jìn)行密碼存儲(chǔ)和驗(yàn)證，相較于之前版本默認(rèn)的mysql_native_password（基于SHA-1），提供了更高的安全性。這個(gè)插件還支持客戶端緩存認(rèn)證數(shù)據(jù)，從而在后續(xù)連接中提供更快的認(rèn)證速度。
為什么它會(huì)帶來(lái)兼容性問(wèn)題？ 許多較舊的客戶端庫(kù)（如php的mysqlnd擴(kuò)展的舊版本、JDBC連接器、python的mysqlclient或PyMySQL的舊版本）在發(fā)布MySQL 8.0之前，并沒(méi)有內(nèi)置對(duì)caching_sha2_password認(rèn)證方式的支持。當(dāng)這些舊客戶端嘗試連接到使用此認(rèn)證方式的MySQL 8.0服務(wù)器時(shí)，它們無(wú)法正確地進(jìn)行認(rèn)證握手，導(dǎo)致連接失敗，通常會(huì)拋出類似“Client does not support authentication protocol requested by server”的錯(cuò)誤。
如何處理兼容性問(wèn)題？
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升級(jí)客戶端驅(qū)動(dòng)和庫(kù)（推薦且最佳實(shí)踐）：這是最根本和最安全的解決方案。確保你的應(yīng)用程序使用的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接器、驅(qū)動(dòng)程序或ORM庫(kù)是最新版本，它們通常已經(jīng)添加了對(duì)caching_sha2_password的支持。例如，對(duì)于Java，升級(jí)JDBC驅(qū)動(dòng)到8.0或更高版本；對(duì)于Python，確保mysqlclient或PyMySQL是最新版本。
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為特定用戶指定mysql_native_password認(rèn)證方式：如果你無(wú)法升級(jí)客戶端，或者只是為了一個(gè)特定的遺留應(yīng)用，可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)使用舊認(rèn)證方式的用戶。
CREATE USER 'legacy_app_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'your_legacy_password'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_legacy_db.* TO 'legacy_app_user'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
或者，如果你已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了用戶，可以修改其認(rèn)證方式：
ALTER USER 'your_existing_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'your_new_password'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
注意：這種方法降低了安全性，應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用，并僅限于確實(shí)無(wú)法升級(jí)客戶端的場(chǎng)景。
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修改MySQL服務(wù)器的默認(rèn)認(rèn)證插件（不推薦用于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境）：你可以修改MySQL服務(wù)器的配置文件（通常是/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf）來(lái)更改默認(rèn)認(rèn)證插件。 在[mysqld]段下添加或修改：
[mysqld] default_authentication_plugin=mysql_native_password
修改后需要重啟MySQL服務(wù)：sudo systemctl restart mysql。 強(qiáng)烈不推薦在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境這樣做，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)影響所有新創(chuàng)建的用戶，并降低整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)例的安全性。這通常只在開(kāi)發(fā)或測(cè)試環(huán)境中作為臨時(shí)解決方案。
如何查看MySQL用戶的當(dāng)前權(quán)限和認(rèn)證方式？
了解一個(gè)用戶擁有哪些權(quán)限以及他們使用何種認(rèn)證方式，對(duì)于審計(jì)、故障排除和安全管理至關(guān)重要。
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查看用戶的認(rèn)證方式： 你可以查詢mysql.user表來(lái)獲取用戶的認(rèn)證插件信息。
SELECT user, host, plugin FROM mysql.user WHERE user = 'your_username';
執(zhí)行這條命令后，你會(huì)看到類似這樣的輸出：
+---------------+-----------+-----------------------+ | user | host | plugin | +---------------+-----------+-----------------------+ | your_username | localhost | caching_sha2_password | +---------------+-----------+-----------------------+
這里的plugin字段就顯示了該用戶當(dāng)前使用的認(rèn)證插件。
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查看用戶的具體權(quán)限： 要查看特定用戶的所有權(quán)限，可以使用SHOW GRANTS命令。
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'your_username'@'localhost';
這條命令會(huì)返回一系列GRANT語(yǔ)句，這些語(yǔ)句精確地描述了該用戶在哪些數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、哪些表上擁有哪些操作權(quán)限。例如：
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解決方案
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1. 目標(biāo)明確與范圍界定： 在任何流程啟動(dòng)之前，我們必須清晰地知道“為什么做”和“做到什么程度”。模糊的目標(biāo)是流程混亂的根源。這包括明確項(xiàng)目的最終交付物、預(yù)期效果、關(guān)鍵里程碑，以及最重要的——“
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