裝飾器如何統一處理函數異常？實現重試機制的代碼模板是怎樣的？

import functools import time import logging  logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')  def retry(max_retries=3, delay=1, logger=None):     """     一個通用的重試裝飾器，可以自定義重試次數、延遲時間和日志記錄器。     """     def decorator_retry(func):         @functools.wraps(func)         def wrapper_retry(*args, **kwargs):             retries = 0             while retries < max_retries:                 try:                     return func(*args, **kwargs)                 except Exception as e:                     retries += 1                     log_message = f"Function {func.__name__} failed with error: {e}, retrying ({retries}/{max_retries})..."                     if logger:                         logger.warning(log_message)                     else:                         logging.warning(log_message)                     time.sleep(delay)             # 如果所有重試都失敗了，可以選擇拋出異?；蚍祷啬J值             raise Exception(f"Function {func.__name__} failed after {max_retries} retries.")          return wrapper_retry     return decorator_retry   def exception_handler(default_value=None, logger=None):     """     一個簡單的異常處理裝飾器，可以記錄日志并返回默認值。     """     def decorator_exception_handler(func):         @functools.wraps(func)         def wrapper_exception_handler(*args, **kwargs):             try:                 return func(*args, **kwargs)             except Exception as e:                 log_message = f"Function {func.__name__} raised an exception: {e}"                 if logger:                     logger.error(log_message)                 else:                     logging.error(log_message)                 return default_value  # 返回默認值         return wrapper_exception_handler     return decorator_exception_handler   @retry(max_retries=3, delay=2, logger=logging)  # 使用retry裝飾器，最多重試3次，每次間隔2秒 @exception_handler(default_value="Error", logger=logging) # 使用exception_handler裝飾器，發生異常時返回"Error" def might_fail(attempt):     """     一個可能失敗的函數，用于演示。     """     print(f"Attempt {attempt}: Trying to execute might_fail...")     if attempt < 2:         raise ValueError(f"Simulated failure on attempt {attempt}")     return f"Success on attempt {attempt}"   # 示例用法 if __name__ == "__main__":     for i in range(3):         try:             result = might_fail(i)             print(f"Result: {result}")             break         except Exception as e:             print(f"Main block caught an exception: {e}") 

import functools import time import logging import requests  logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')  def specific_exception_handler(func):     """     針對特定異常類型的處理裝飾器。     """     @functools.wraps(func)     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):         try:             return func(*args, **kwargs)         except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:             logging.error(f"Network error in {func.__name__}: {e}")             # 可以選擇重試網絡請求，或者返回一個特定的錯誤值             return None         except ValueError as e:             logging.error(f"Value error in {func.__name__}: {e}")             raise  # 重新拋出ValueError，因為這通常是輸入錯誤，不應該被忽略         except Exception as e:             logging.error(f"Unexpected error in {func.__name__}: {e}")             return None  # 對于其他未知的異常，返回None     return wrapper  @specific_exception_handler def fetch_data(url):     """     模擬獲取數據的函數，可能會拋出網絡請求異?；騐alueError。     """     print(f"Fetching data from {url}...")     response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)     response.raise_for_status()  # 如果響應狀態碼不是200，則拋出HTTPError     return response.json()   if __name__ == "__main__":     try:         data = fetch_data("https://api.example.com/data")  # 假設這是一個有效的API endpoint         print(f"Data: {data}")     except Exception as e:         print(f"Main block caught an exception: {e}")      try:         data = fetch_data("invalid_url")  # 模擬一個無效的URL，會拋出requests.exceptions.RequestException         print(f"Data: {data}")     except Exception as e:         print(f"Main block caught an exception: {e}")